CIVIL ENGINEERING

Role of Civil Engineers:   A civil engineer has to conceive, plan, estimate, get approval, create and maintain all civil engineering   activities. Civil engineer has very important role in the development of the following infrastructure: (i) Measure and map the earth’s surface. (ii) Plan new townships and extension of existing towns. (iii) Build the suitable structures for the rural and urban areas for various utilities. (iv) Build tanks and dams to exploit water resources. (v) Build river navigation and flood control projects. (vi) Build canals and distributaries to take water to agricultural fields. (vii) Purify and supply water to the needy areas like houses, schools, offices etc. (viii) Provide and maintain communication systems like roads, railways, harbours and airports. (ix) Devise systems for control and efficient flow of traffic. (x) Provide and maintain solid and waste water disposal system. (xi) Monitor land, water and ...

Introduction: Civil engineering is the oldest branch of engineering which is growing right from the stone age of civilisation. American society of civil engineering defines civil engineering as the profession in which a knowledge of the mathematical and physical sciences gained by study, experience and practice is applied with judgement to develop ways to utilise economically the materials and forces of the nature for the progressive well being of man. In this chapter various fields of civil engineering are listed and their scope is explained. Impact of infrastructural development on the economy of a country, the role of civil engineers in it is explained. Finally the importance of planning scheduling and construction management in civil engineering is emphasised. Civil engineering may be divided into the following fields: (i) Building materials (ii) Building construction (iii) Structural engineering (iv) Geotechnical engineering (v) Hydraulics, water resources and ir...

Civil formula  Concrete Volume Formula Concrete Volume = [( 22/7 )r2 * depth ) / 27 ] * Quantity Concrete Footing Formula Footing Pours = (Diameter * (Width / 12)) * (Depth / 12) / 27); Colebrook White Equation Formula S - Hydraulic gradient, v - kinematic viscosity of water, D - Internal diameter, Ks - Roughness coefficient, g = 9.81 m/s2, A - Area of section. Concrete Slab Maximum Wall Load Formula P = 9.93 ( fc^0.5 )( te^2 ) ( ( k / (19000 ( fc^0.5 )( te^3 ) ) ) ^ 0.25 Fc = Concrete compressive strength, k = Modulus of subgrade reaction, te = Slab thickness. Cantilever Beam Stiffness Formula Stiffness (k) = (3 × E × I ) / l3  Where, E - Youngs Modulus I - Area Moment of Inertia l – Length Concrete Slab Maximum Length Formula L = ( 0.00047hr (fsS) ^2 ) ^ ( 1/3 ) Where, L = Slab Length, hr = Thickness of reinforced slab, fs = Yield strength of steel reinforcement, S = Steel reinforcing ratio Concrete Volume Formula Conc...